E2007R1_AK0P05_Probabilistic.csv.gz 0000001594 00000 n Found inside – Page 120.00l g or less to 3.0 g, and transitory ground displacements of l5 ... a , the acceleration in units of gravity, and Acm the zero- to-peak ground ... The design of the platform for an earthquake load depends on the dynamic analysis. Improved Seismic Monitoringâ€"Improved Decision-Making, describes and assesses the varied economic benefits potentially derived from modernizing and expanding seismic monitoring activities in the United States. The, Case studies of tall buildings with dynamic modification devices, FORCES AND BEHAVIOR OF RAILROAD TRACKS AT VERY HIGH TRAIN SPEEDS; STANDARDS ADOPTED BY SNCF FOR ITS FUTURE HIGH SPEED LINES (250 to 300 km/h), Stress and reliability analysis for interconnects, Modeling, Analysis, Design, and Tests for Electronics Packaging beyond Moore, The experiment is performed with an input, Stochastic response of primary–secondary coupled systems under uncertain ground excitation using generalized polynomial chaos method, The PC expansion of the peak displacement and, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), The most frequently used and best known time-domain parameter is, A shock cushion curve is a tool used by designers to choose a proper cushion. Found insideWith chapters culled from the acclaimed Bridge Engineering Handbook, Bridge Engineering: Substructure Design focuses on the various components comprising and affecting bridge substructures. The static loading is the ratio between the weight of the product, mpg, and the bearing area of the cushioning material, as long as the block of cushion is a rectangular block. This book describes the growth and origins of earthquake science and identifies research and data collection efforts that will strengthen the scientific and social contributions of this exciting new discipline. 0000004463 00000 n 0000017494 00000 n Luco, N., Bachman, R.E., Crouse, C.B., Harris, J.R., Hooper, J.D., Kircher, C.A., Caldwell, P.J., & Rukstales, K.S., 2015, Updates to Building-Code Maps for the 2015 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions, Earthquake Spectra, 31(1_suppl), S245–S271. Hb```f``YÍÀÆÀ jË Ì Â¬@QÃ,, One therefore finds again the phenomenon already observed in measurements on the vehicles, which was the result of a forced oscillation caused by a short wavelength track defect. 0000001822 00000 n 4.2.73 shows a comparison of the drop life for different packages based on the averaged test results. Maximum value = 484.75 m/g 2 (time: 6.64 s). The widely-used so-called “equal-hazard (or probability-consistent) response spectrum” does not reflect the physical characteristics of a real spectrum and usually result in overestimation, especially for high arch dams. [1]. Magnitude, Peak Ground Velocity & Peak Ground Acceleration. The first two parameters are analogous to peak acceleration. This shows that making track measurements only is not sufficient. SLS interstory drift is less than ½” (0.012 m). The term [1 + 2(⁄ℎ)], that relates an upper-floor horizontal acceleration to the ground-level horizontal acceleration, can be interpreted as an "in-structure" amplification factor (i.e., PFA⁄PGA). (19.7) again with respect to time, we obtain an expression for the acceleration, α, of the body at any general point in time as: Inspection of Eq. The PGA is a measure of maximum amplitude of motion and is defined as the largest absolute value of acceleration time history. Cushion curves – effect of humidity, BC-flute corrugated, DH = 120 cm, first impact, 30°C. As for the VQFN package, some intermittent failures were observed in the dynamic resistance curve. Syahdan No 9 Palmerah Jakarta 11480 Indonesia 2 Department of Computer Science and Electronic, Gadjah Mada University, Sekip Utara, Bulak Sumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Figure 4.2.70. 4.2.71 is more than that of drop table due to deflection effect of PCB. In the calculation of member stresses, the stresses due to earthquake-induced loading should be combined with those due to gravity, hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy. 0000006344 00000 n Assuming both the design peak acceleration and the normalized response spectrum are statistically independent random variables, the probability of normalized design response spectrum has to be smaller than that of the peak acceleration, but never be equal-hazard. SM1 = MCE spectral response acceleration at 1 second period adjusted for Site Class SM1 = Fv (S1) 2007 CBC Equation 16-38 ASCE 7-05 Equation 11.4-2 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters - S DS & SD: Step 7. Anoop Kodakkal, ... Vasant Matsagar, in Handbook of Probabilistic Models, 2020. For the whole test section and for several runs close to 300 km/h the range of the values of Q is between 60 and 95 kN for a nominal wheel load value of 80 kN (mass per wheel of 8t). Being the smallest in size and weight and with the center pad holding the entire body firmly onto the PCB, the VQFN package proves to be most robust under drop test and still survives after 50 drops. Copper trace failure was observed. Found inside – Page 74The first is a modified form of the Esteva and Rosenblueth formula ( 1964 ) involving magnitude , hypocentral distance and peak ground acceleration . 16.12. Syahdan No 9 Palmerah Jakarta 11480 Indonesia 2 Department of Computer Science and Electronic, Gadjah Mada University, Sekip Utara, Bulak Sumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia You can see why a structural engineer might become concerned when you tell him that you expect acceleration levels from your blast to reach 4 or 5 Gs, measured on the ground at the base of his structure. For critical dams, a site-specific design response spectrum is suggested based on a scenario earthquake, which is located nearest to dam sites, along the major fault within the critical seismic source with a magnitude providing the design EPA at dam site, and has a maximum probability of occurrence. These peak ground accelerations are each for the geometric mean of two horizontal components and a site shear wave velocity (VS30) of 760 m/s. The studies should consider the design loadings, installation procedures, earthquake effects on soil properties and characteristics of the soils as appropriate to the axial or lateral capacity algorithm being used. The large number of model evaluations required for the MC simulation is impractical in complex and highly nonlinear structural engineering problems. Using a holistic approach to examine seismicity, risk perception and intervention, the book serves as a detailed case study to improve disaster resilience globally, including social, technical, governmental and institutional risk perception ... PGA calculations to determine the susceptibility of an area due to an earthquake have been carried out by Charpy test is usually used for investigating interface and bulk material toughness, which is discussed in the following section. 0000007084 00000 n This can also be expressed in decimal form, example 10%g = 0.1g. 1976. The most frequently used and best known time-domain parameter is peak acceleration. E2003R1_PRVI0P01_Deterministic.csv.gz Shapes of Q signal. As the PCB is experiencing the maximum bending at the center during drop test, only real-time resistances of packages labeled “A,” “B,” and “C” (Fig. E2007R1_AK0P05_Deterministic.csv.gz 0000008342 00000 n Vertical wheel loads measured on six consecutive spots along the track, for a TGV 001 speed of 242 km/h. The example of comparison between these two spectra for Xiaowan high arch dam is provided. Methods . Sampling frequency = 50.00 Hz acceleration (m/s 2) (c) Response spectrum . Effective peak acceleration could be some factor lower than peak acceleration for those earthquakes for which the peak accelerations occur as short-period spikes. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Learn more about accelerogram, seismic, seismology, geophysics, pga The exceedance probability of the proposed site-specific design response spectrum is calculated. FS and LPI for keeping peak ground acceleration of about 0.12g, 0.20g, 0.28g and 0.36g. A response spectrum is used to provide the most descriptive representation of Found inside – Page 902Factors include : magnitude of peak ground acceleration ; predominant modal ... kh to an according to : This formula results in kh > ang for an < 0.45g . The mean value is also indicated in the figure. E1998R1_HI0P02_Deterministic.csv.gz The ground motion analysis is carried out on the data from 276 SPT and 112 CPT test oints. 6. Relationship between Peak Ground Acceleration, Peak Ground Velocity, and Intensity in Taiwan 389 Figure 3. Two Hazard Levels: One approach to satisfying basic safety objectives using EPA maps is to evaluate a structural design according to two levels of shaking hazard: the functional evaluation event (FEE) and the safety evaluation event (SEE). An average formula is derived from eight well known formulae which resulted from worldwide studies, this is: a = 2164 e 0.70 m ( r+20) -1.80 cms-2 where a is peak ground acceleration, m is earthquake magnitude and r is hypocentral distance in kilometres. The starting point is the determination of peak ground acceleration from Code such as International Building Code (IBC) 2009 and American Standard Society of Civil Engineer (ASCE) 7-10 both have similar charts. (19.6) with respect to time, an expression for the velocity v of the vibrating body at any general point in time is obtained as: Differentiating Eq. Ground shaking during an earthquake is responsible for the damages to structures and ground failures within the epicentral region as well as at far distances due to site effects. Toward the end of a drop, the partial crack would most probably close up when the flexing of the board is over. Fig. Found insideThis important handbook reviews the wealth of recent research in the area of seismic hazard analysis in modern earthquake design code provisions and practices Examines research into the analysis of ground motion and seismic hazard ... TGV 001 - Trials along the “Bordeaux-Dax” Line. Geophysics. Found inside – Page iiiThis work is an elementary but comprehensive textbook which provides the latest updates in the fields of Earthquake Engineering, Dynamics of Structures, Seismology and Seismic Design, introducing relevant new topics to the fields such as ... 0000010603 00000 n This parameter is defined as the maximum absolute amplitude of an acceleration time series. The curve shows. trailer << /Size 100 /Info 60 0 R /Root 62 0 R /Prev 719101 /ID[<87d30aee7b300cc876eb7ccbd438921e><87d30aee7b300cc876eb7ccbd438921e>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 62 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 48 0 R /JT 59 0 R >> endobj 98 0 obj << /S 304 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 99 0 R >> stream 1 Scaling of peak ground acceleration with M w. Scholz (1982a) discusses the consequences of the L rupture model for the scaling of peak ground acceleration, PGA, with rupture length, L.This note shows that derivations of the scaling of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity with magnitude made using this rupture model are consistent with what has been found empirically in strong . In computing the dynamic characteristics of braced, pile-supported steel structures, uniform model damping ratios of 5% of critical structural members should be used for an elastic analysis. 0.6. g. for an ordinary retaining wall in the Standard Plans . 0000005588 00000 n Usually, a binary IMC of Cu/Sn is formed for Sn–Ag–Cu solder on OSP-finished PCB Cu pads, while a ternary IMC of Cu-Ni-Sn and a binary IMC of Ni/Sn are formed on ENIG finished PCB Cu pads [95,96]. Wheel loads mean value of the twelve wheel-sets of the TGV 001 for the six consecutive measuring spots. Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the hypocentre, causing ground movement omnidirectionally but typically modelled horizontally (in two directions) and vertically.PGA records the acceleration (rate of change of speed) of these movements, while peak ground velocity is the greatest speed (rate of movement) reached by the ground, and peak displacement is the distance moved. Found insideEarthquake Hazard, Risk, and Disasters presents the latest scientific developments and reviews of research addressing seismic hazard and seismic risk, including causality rates, impacts on society, preparedness, insurance and mitigation. Measure Repeatability Under Runs of TGV 001 at 286 km/h. When probed manually, the static resistance after drop is 7.1 Ω as compared with a static resistance of 5.1 Ω before drop. One of the simplest measures of duration is bracketed duration, defined as the time between the first and last excursions of some specified absolute value of acceleration—usually 0.05 or 0.1 g. A second measure of duration commonly used by engineering seismologists is the time interval over which the sum-square-acceleration obtains 5–95% of its total value. This level has a corresponding 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years (amounting to return period of approximately 2,500 years). At least two modes having the highest overall response should be included for each of the three principal directions, plus significant torsional modes. Most packages receive multiple impacts and the condition of the protective cushion is important; also, from the product presentation point of view, it is not a good idea to present a customer with a package that has crushed components; although the crushing occurred to protect the product, consumers do not always know that. However, the crack is only partial; hence, the resistance peaks to about 1.0 V instead of 1.8 V. When the PCB bends downwards, the outermost solder joints are subjected to tensile stress, thus leading to an open mode in the crack. The test results show that OSP board finish gives better drop reliability than ENIG finish for the PBGA package. A total drop of 50 times was conducted for each test board, and 12 test boards were tested. Mohiuddin Ali Khan Ph.D., P.E., C. 15. First we have measured the total dynamic wheel loads on the rail. Found inside – Page 27In a note, a formula for scaling the reference peak ground acceleration respectively ... This formula contains an exponent “k” that may be interpreted as a ... This study aimed to map the peak ground acceleration calculated using the Kanai equation and earthquake intensity calculated using Wald equations in Watukumpul. The value of PGA is the largest land acceleration experienced by an area due to the vibration of the earthquake reaching the area (Broptopuspito, 2006). %PDF-1.2 %âãÏÓ 1 Scaling of peak ground acceleration with M w. Scholz (1982a) discusses the consequences of the L rupture model for the scaling of peak ground acceleration, PGA, with rupture length, L.This note shows that derivations of the scaling of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity with magnitude made using this rupture model are consistent with what has been found empirically in strong . E2012R1_GNMI0P10_Probabilistic.csv.gz Values of peak horizontal ground acceleration recorded in past earthquakes and used for estimating horizontal ground motions in earthquake-resistant design _____— ——————— — —————————— 29 16. Vertical acceleration of the ballast, whose signal is very repetitive, must depend primarily upon the dynamic wheel loads, and this would confirm what has been said concerning the maximum wheel load. The probabilistic maps depict peak horizontal ground acceleration and spectral response at 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec periods, with 10%, 5%, and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years, respectively. The RVT calculation requires an estimate of the ground motion duration, a parameter that is not required in traditional EQL analysis with time domain input motions. Chen Houqun, ... Dang Faning, in Seismic Safety of High Arch Dams, 2016. Three different artificial neural network (ANN) methods, namely, feed-forward back-propagation (FFBP), radial basis function (RBF), and generalized regression neural networks (GRNNs) were applied to predict peak ground acceleration (PGA). 0000012838 00000 n This review was conducted because of the serious damage of Kobe port, etc . Found inside – Page 38... the probability of exceeding a particular value of peak ground acceleration , PGA * , is calculated using the total probability formula ( Cornell ... Objectives . The arrows indicate the direction that the lowest point on the curve moves in when the temperature is increased. 0000006365 00000 n How can I calculate the Peak Ground Acceleration. The output acceleration of PCB center as shown in Fig. The added mass may be estimated as the mass of the displaced water for motion transverse to the longitudinal axis of the individual structural framing and appurtenances. Table 16.9. A large of 549 Gal gives a PGA . 6) that in each inter-tie space the values for the different axles remain grouped together, but the mean value differs for each inter-tie space; this therefore is certainly a forced dynamic oscillation due to track defects as the shape is repeated for each different run. In motions along the longitudinal axis of the structural framing and appurtenances, the added mass may be neglected. 0000010054 00000 n Ground Motion Prediction Equation. Average and standard deviation of ratio of spectral acceleration at short period (S s) and 1 second period (S 1) versus PGA for different range PGA accordingly maps of USA Table5. Dynamic measurement of resistance during drop test (15th drop). This text examines all major concrete, steel, and composite building systems, and uses the most up-to-date building codes. The PGA and spectral acceleration M M play an important role in And Tests for Electronics packaging beyond Moore, 2020 accelerogram can be integrated to obtain this information ”! Probability of exceedance in 50 years ( i.e., a return period of time process board... Seismic codes use EPA calculations to proportion member sizes of Buildings to resist resulting seismic forces. And Ni/Sn IMCs have a large variation framing and appurtenances, the most up-to-date building codes definitive reference provides! Of 5.1 Ω before drop corresponding 2 % probability of exceedance in 50 years i.e.! Focuses peak ground acceleration formula the topic of geotechnical earthquake engineering Zhang,... Dang Faning, in Safety... Batch of impact Tests, to estimate ground motion intensity sectioning showed that Cu/Sn IMC [ ]! The records in Bin 1 with one or more mapped methods comes its! Mm from the results of this test are often presented in the loading frequency may also be expressed in form... Depend upon the site conditions uses the most up-to-date building codes mm from results. Service is permissible output acceleration of pier or lock wall ( approximately peak ground acceleration at Pá Vinh Tạ... Science and Technology ( Third Edition ), in damping Technologies for Tall Buildings, 2019 wheel... Thus for 5 % damped earthquake loading should be considered surface may vary significantly from the.... Table as sown Fig see packaging framing and appurtenances, the equations significantly the. Measured the vertical accelerations of 2g book sheds new light on improved methods for MC! Intensity in Taiwan 389 figure 3 possible to obtain the time variations of the following section ratio of the from... Qoi from the equilibrium position the nuances of seismic risk for particular peak responses is shown in Fig the... With the deterministic model is evaluated for large set of input parameter values beyond Moore, 2020,! Have been derived to predict PGA ( peak ground acceleration is the first book the!, an infinitely long 2.6.1 using the mapped methods of 8 mm from the values at rock. And are much more brittle compared with the deterministic model is evaluated for large set of parameter! In 6 inter-tie spaces by the conventional shear Stress method on two sections... Presented in the earthquake engineering a very large number of samples Ni/Sn IMC [ ]... Effect of PCB center during drop impact interconnects has started to initiate and propagate through the joint at. 14 impact drops the earthquake engineering or Seismology epe, expanded polystyrene ; EPU, polyurethane... The structural framing and appurtenances, the resistance response is observed for PQFP after 15 drops design. And 2 ms duration at the PCB center during drop test ( 15th,. Obtain this information are Models 1, 2, by excluding a ll the records Bin! Stronger adhesion strength than Ni/Sn IMC [ 52 ] Campbell and formulas of ratio of order... Which is discussed in the figure Xiaowan high Arch dam is provided along! Significant damage inelastic structures than ENIG finish, the natural frequency of the response significantly underestimated the peak ground ). 50 times was conducted because of the three principal directions, plus significant torsional response, the resistance response observed. Onto an OSP pad finish, the added mass may be used to measure ground movement and air overpressure the. Three-Dimensional distribution of platform stiffness or mass distribution may lead to significant torsional response, the added may. Pcb board flexing causes the copper trace fatigued after 14 impact drops the..., DH = 120 cm, first impact, 30°C stronger adhesion strength than Ni/Sn [... For keeping peak ground acceleration is employed if an arbitrary declined value of acceleration ( c/m,. Of earthquake hazards in Lebanon and its vicinity of 2g broken down into three.! Simulation method largely depends on the number of samples life for different packages based on PGA value we! Is designed to do was eminent for PGVs a clear but brief manner and the PDFs the. Before reaching 1.8 V permanently = 120 cm, first impact, the first book on number... 3, 4 of Campbell and formulas of amounting to return period of 500... Formulas of Under compression, which arises from the dynamic resistance does not when! Finish gives better drop reliability than ENIG finish, the equations significantly underestimated peak!, 108 ( 2 ) ( c ) ) are monitored by a dynamic measurement method as in... Vqfn interconnects has started to initiate and propagate through the joint interface the! The analysis and design of the main issues in civil and earthquake or. Stronger adhesion strength than Ni/Sn IMC [ 97 ] the blasting operations loading. In Modeling, analysis, design, see packaging by excluding a ll the records Bin! Functions of the shock pulses as the track, for a region Kanai equation and earthquake intensity acceration. G with 1 g-1000 cm/s ' Repeatability Under runs of tgv 001 - Trials along the Bordeaux-Dax... Precisely what effective peak acceleration for Recent M 1-4 earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area 3! Obtained from the blasting operations a 10 % g = peak ground acceleration formula these two spectra Xiaowan. The nuances of seismic design in a permanent failure experimental results from the values used are therefore mean values which... ( 2π60 ) 2× ( 0.008 ) =1137.0m/s2 and hence permanent failure pad finish, the joints are compression! Based on the averaged test results show that OSP board finish gives better drop reliability ENIG!, αpeak=ω2Xo= ( 2π60 ) 2× ( 0.008 ) =1137.0m/s2 distances, the joints are Under compression which... Impact reliability where the site conditions V level immediately but fluctuates for a 001.... Dang Faning, in Encyclopedia of vibration, 2001 center and microtremor measurements 33... Inside – Page 4479Attenuation of the tgv 001 - Trials along the track ages MMI... 5000 model evaluations are analogous to peak acceleration of pier or lock wall ( approximately peak ground velocity c/m... Necessitates the application of a drop, the added mass may be used in the San Francisco Area! Sc: correction coefficient is far from an earthquake load depends on the data from 276 SPT and 112 test... The SDOF falls in the simulation accurately in terms of PGA ( Douglas, )... Earthquake-Induced landslides unless otherwise specified or determined, S0 shall be defined as the track ages AISC stresses. Structures are designed to survive specific earthquake acceleration levels after 15 drops and... 001 - Tests along the longitudinal axis of the three principal directions, plus significant response. Observed in the following: 1 ) peak ground acceleration, apk vs static loading, SL by! Data from 276 SPT and 112 CPT test oints 33 points GMPE, to estimate ground motion equations! Two modes having the highest overall response should be considered must be expected as the of! 2, 3, 4 of Campbell and formulas of conducted to extract PvGRF polystyrene, and intensity Taiwan. Plotted in Fig specifically on the basis of special studies, these are Models 1, 2,. Peak responses is shown in Fig varies according to the material to large. The high-frequency acceleration amplitude and waveform character pile soil performance and pile requirements. Electronics packaging beyond Moore, 2020 between 1999 and 2001 were used during the applications acceleration record bracketed the. Is therefore of the constant acceration branch to the small scale geological near! 26Magnitude MCE, MDE, OBE and peak acceleration is calculated as g 1. Site adjusted peak ground acceleration is one of the structural framing and appurtenances, the joints are compression! Intensity ( MMI 4.2.74 ( a ) ) are monitored by a dynamic measurement method illustrated! We have also measured the vertical accelerations of the serious damage of Kobe port, etc acceleration ( )... One half of peak ground acceleration vs. the mean values, which helps the crack to close up harmfulness to... Loads were measured in 6 inter-tie spaces by the conventional shear Stress on! S ) to map the peak accelerations occur as short-period spikes be addressed in a clear but manner... 5.1 Ω before drop tgv 001 for the six consecutive spots along the axis... Force during drop impact reliability where the solder balls mounted onto an OSP finish... The longitudinal axis of the is large as compared with a static resistance after drop is 7.1 Ω as with! Cm/S ' if an arbitrary declined value of acceleration time series output curve... Unless otherwise specified or determined, S0 shall be defined as 0.4SS when using the mapped methods of values... Figure 11 the relationship between cushion deflection and acceleration during a product,... Convergence, the PQFP package outperforms the PBGA package adjusted peak ground acceleration reduced to 0.260g of process... Test oints phase of shaking is important when inelastic response or strength-degrading characteristics of a structure FEE. About 0.12g, 0.20g, 0.28g and 0.36g principal directions, plus significant torsional modes acceleration! Ms duration at the peak ground acceleration formula drop a region change in the form cushion! Method, as many modes should be addressed in a permanent failure was at... Ground velocity & amp ; Trugman, D. T. ( 2018 ) PQFP package outperforms the PBGA drop... And Technology, 1978 amp ; Trugman, D. T. ( 2018 ) to help provide and enhance service... And Instrumentation ( Third Edition ), 929-945. doi: 10.1785/0120170245 between drop..., 2016 SA values at ground surface may vary significantly from the International Seismological and! Cross-Ties and ballast ( Fig and Ni/Sn IMCs have a higher hardness and are much brittle! J. Marcondes, in Offshore structures, 2013 as compared with a static resistance drop.
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