Notable examples were: Cornelius Vanderbilt , owner of steamship lines and railroads. By the 1850s he had turned his attention to railroads, buying up so much stock in the New York and Harlem Railroad that by 1863 he owned the line. "The historical development of business philanthropy: Social responsibility in the new corporate economy", Wren, D.A. John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world’s wealthiest men as America's first billionaire and a major philanthropist. In Dark Genius of Wall Street, acclaimed biographer Edward J. Renehan, Jr., combines lively anecdotes with the rich social tapestry of the Gilded Age to paint the portrait of the most talented financial buccaneer of his generation -- and ... He notes that "Much of the modern history of corporations is a reaction against the Robber Barons and fictions. The tight grip Rockefeller had on the oil industry was mirrored by the control Andrew Carnegie exerted on the steel industry. (1794–1877) When he added the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad in 1873, Vanderbilt was able to offer the first rail service from New York City to Chicago. During the last years of his life, Vanderbilt ordered the construction of Grand Central Depot (the forerunner of Grand Central Terminal) in New York City, a project that gave jobs to thousands who had become unemployed during the Panic of 1873. Many so-called robber barons—James J. Hill, Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and John D. Rockefeller—became wealthy entrepreneurs through … Rising from very humble roots as the operator of one small ferry in New York Harbor, the man who would become known as "The Commodore" would dominate the entire transportation industry in the United States. Robber baron, pejorative term for one of the 19th-century American industrialists and financiers who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries. Found insideThe Tycoons tells the incredible story of how these four determined men wrenched the economy into the modern age, inventing a nation of full economic participation that could not have been imagined only a few decades earlier. Political cronies had been granted special shipping routes by the state, but told legislators their costs were so high that they needed to charge high prices and still receive extra money from the taxpayers as funding. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It was they who convinced the gullible media to call Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs “robber barons.” Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor. ", Harvey, Charles, et al. Found insideFor residents and tourists, and historians and students, who want to spend more time viewing and appreciating sculpture and New York history, this is the start of a unique voyage of discovery. In an era with virtually no regulation of business, industries such as railroads, steel, and petroleum became monopolies. The term appeared as early as the August 1870 issue of The Atlantic Monthly[1] magazine. "When Commodore Vanderbilt began the world he had nothing, and there were no steamboats or railroads. He tried to keep a low profile, but muckrakers eventually exposed him as having corrupted the much of the petroleum business through monopolistic practices. In his book The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists 1861-1901, Matthew Josephson argued that the industrialists who were called robber barons have a complicated legacy in the history of American economic and social life. Found insideUncovering the man behind the myth, situating his achievements and their attendant controversies firmly within the context of early twentieth-century America, Watts has given us a comprehensive, illuminating, and fascinating biography of ... p 1, David O. Whitten, "Russian robber barons: Moscow business, American style. This exhaustive guide provides you with all you need to know about this country's leaders, including: Their early childhood and formative years The effect of the office on wives and children The triumphs and tragedies that shaped them The ... Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor. At one time, if you wanted to go somewhere, or move freight, in America, it was likely you would have to be a customer of Vanderbilt. Robber baron is a derogatory term of social criticism originally applied to certain wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessmen. The first such usage was against Vanderbilt, for taking money from high-priced, government-subsidized shippers, in order to not compete on their routes. 03, 1866 by Robber baron directors and committeemen including J.P. Morgan, William E. Dodge, Jr., Cornelius Vanderbilt … Cornelius Vanderbilt (* 27.Mai 1794 in Port Richmond auf Staten Island, heute zu New York City gehörig; † 4. It was they who convinced the gullible media to call Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs "robber barons." In 1810 he purchased his first boat with money borrowed from his parents. These include people such as Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon, Henry Ford, Leland Stanford and John D. Rockefeller. In his book The Myth of the Robber Barons, Folsom distinguishes between political entrepreneurs who ran inefficient businesses supported by government favors, and market entrepreneurs who succeeded by providing better and lower-cost ... With the enormous demand for passage to the West Coast brought about by the 1849 gold rush, Vanderbilt’s Accessory Transit Company proved a huge success. At age 11, he quit school to work on boats. As the term robber baron came into common usage, it was often applied to a small group of men. According to Nevins, Gilded Age capitalists, by imposing order and stability on competitive business, made the United States the foremost economy by the 20th century. In the book's original Foreword, he claims the robber barons: "more or less knowingly played the leading rôles in an age of industrial revolution. Updates? [14], In 1958 Bridges reported that, "The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the "robber baron" concept of the American businessman. He quit the business only after his competitors—whom he had nearly ruined—agreed to pay him $40,000 (later it rose to $56,000) a month to abandon his operation. The YMCA—New York started in 1852 and was incorporated on Apr. "Robber Barons." Fortune's Children tells the dramatic story of all the amazingly colorful spenders who dissipated such a vast inheritance. "[8], The term combines the pejorative senses of criminal ("robber") and aristocrat ("barons" having no legitimate role in a republic). ThoughtCo, Sep. 16, 2020, thoughtco.com/robber-barons-1773964. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In 1975 the student body of Stanford University voted to use "Robber Barons" as the nickname for their sports teams. But as the controversy in the press played out, Carnegie was off at a castle he had bought in Scotland. Found insideFor the first time, a great-granddaughter of Henry Clay Frick, world famous art collector and steel tycoon, has assembled an intimate, pictorial biography that reveals the triumphs and tragedies of Frick's life. 370 illustrations, 225 in ... Starting out as a small-time businessman, Gould moved to New York City in the 1850s and began trading stocks on Wall Street. John D. Rockefeller was the head of the Standard Oil Company and one of the world's richest men. "Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy. Following the war he gravitated to Wall Street, and after becoming partners with Jay Gould, he became famous for his role in the Erie Railroad War, which he and Gould waged against Cornelius Vanderbilt. [2] The term combines the sense of criminal ("robber") and illegitimate aristocracy (a baron is an illegitimate role in a republic).[3]. ", "The Misunderstood Robber Baron: On Cornelius Vanderbilt: T.J. Stiles's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius Vanderbilt,", "The Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry", Erik Kirschbaum, "Bruce Springsteen: Bankers Are 'Greedy Thieves'", "Silicon Valley Billionaires Are the New Robber Barons", "Silicon Valley Robber Barons Are Using Government As A Weapon Against Us", "How did tech CEOs do on Capitol Hill? Here are some of the most notorious robber barons of the late 1800s. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In academe, the education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether "robber baron" or "captain of industry" is the better terminology. The son of an impoverished farmer and boatman, Vanderbilt quit school at age 11 to work on the waterfront. It was they who convinced the gullible media to call Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs “robber barons.” Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor. At age 11, he quit school to work on boats. Versus "robber baron" Some 19th-century industrialists who were called "captains of industry" overlap with those called "robber barons". He had accumulated the largest fortune in the U.S. at the time of his death, in 1877. [12] Josephson alleged that, like the German princes, American big businessmen amassed huge fortunes immorally, unethically, and unjustly. Readman's feel for emotional nuance and her natural flair for mixing strangeness with poignant everyday detail make this long-awaited debut a novel to savour."-- Fisk met his end when he became involved in a lover's triangle and he was shot in the lobby of a luxurious Manhattan hotel. He cut the New York-Hartford fare from $5 to $1. But all this revolutionizing effort is branded with the motive of private gain on the part of the new captains of industry. Found insideIn this collection of essays, Steve Fraser, the preeminent historian of American capitalism, sets the record straight, rewriting the arc of the American saga with class conflict center stage and mounting a serious challenge to the consoling ... (2020, September 16). [21][22], The metaphor has also been used to characterize Russian businessmen allied to Vladimir Putin. "Robber Barons." Over time, the unfathomable wealth generated by the businesses made the individuals on top incredibly rich, and that in turn led to immense criticism and an infamous epithet used to rail against them: robber barons. It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world's greatest industrial power. The term “robber baron” dates back to the Middle Ages and carries a negative connotation. He cut the New York-Hartford fare from $5 to $1. In these captivating profiles of the first four generations of railroad tycoon "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt's family, veteran novelist Louis Auchincloss weaves a tale of wealth in pursuit of grandeur. 25 photographs. Some of the actions of these men, which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire, resulted in poor conditions for workers, but in the end, may also have enabled our present day standard of living. Historian T.J. Stiles says the metaphor "conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, rigged markets, and corrupted government. ", Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." Nevins, in his John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise (2 vols., 1940), argued that Rockefeller engaged in unethical and illegal business practices but he also helped to bring order to the industrial chaos of the day. He used his fortune to fund ongoing philanthropic causes. "The story of the immense financial and corporate expansion which took place in the United States between the depression of the eighteen-nineties and the crisis of the nineteen-thirties."--Preface. Those who credit U.S. capitalism’s growth to these tycoons call them ‘captains of industry.’ Learn more about the achievements and transgressions of the robber … Jay Gould, notorious Wall Street speculator and robber baron. At age 11, he quit school to work on boats. American industrialist and philanthropist [1794–1877]. John D. Rockefeller controlled much of the American oil industry during the late 19th century and his business tactics made him one of the most notorious of the robber barons. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 03, 1866 by Robber baron directors and committeemen including J.P. Morgan, William E. Dodge, Jr., Cornelius Vanderbilt … He used his fortune to fund ongoing philanthropic causes. [2] These practices included exerting control over natural resources, influencing high levels of government, paying subsistence wages, squashing competition by acquiring their competitors to create monopolies and raise prices, and schemes to sell stock at inflated prices to unsuspecting investors. Cornelius Vanderbilt: Cornelius Vanderbilt from the New York Times In this lesson, you and your students will attempt to establish a distinction between robber barons and captains of industry. [13], However, contrary opinions by academic historians began to appear as the Depression ended. The theme was popular during the 1930s amid public scorn for big business. Meaning and History of the Term Robber Baron, Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate, Biography of Jay Gould, Notorious Robber Baron, Biography of Jim Fisk, Notorious Robber Baron, The Wall Street War to Control the Erie Railroad, Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution, The Five Points: New York's Most Notorious Neighborhood, The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution. Those who credit U.S. capitalism’s growth to these tycoons call them ‘captains of industry.’ Learn more about the achievements and transgressions of the robber … Cornelius Vanderbilt, byname Commodore Vanderbilt, (born May 27, 1794, Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York, U.S.—died January 4, 1877, New York, New York), American shipping and railroad magnate who acquired a personal fortune of more than $100 million. Black Titan is the story of a man who created his own future—and in the process, blazed a future for all black businesspeople in America. A critic of this tactic drew a political comic depicting Vanderbilt as a feudal robber baron extracting a toll. Found insideIn this splendid biography Maury Klein paints the most complete portrait of the notorious Gould ever written. Carnegie was fiercely anti-union, and a strike as his mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania turned into a small war. Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift in the structure of American society in terms of the obvious. He later acquired the Hudson River Railroad and the New York Central Railroad and consolidated them in 1869. Robber barons typically employed ethically questionable methods to eliminate their competition and develop a monopoly in their industry. The state-funded shippers then began paying Vanderbilt money to not ship on their route. Then he invented ways to make travel cheaper. He then concentrated on the northeastern seaboard, offering transportation from Long Island to Providence and Boston. For the feudal practice, see, List of businessmen labelled as robber barons, Hal Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It was they who convinced the gullible media to call Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs “robber barons.” Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor. Found insideIn The Great Railroad Revolution, renowned railroad expert Christian Wolmar tells the extraordinary story of the rise and the fall of the greatest of all American endeavors, and argues that the time has come for America to reclaim and ... McNamara, Robert. His hard-pressed competitors finally paid him handsomely in return for Vanderbilt’s agreement to move his operation. While in Gibbons’s employ (1818–29), Vanderbilt learned the steamship business and acquired the capital that he would use in 1829 to start his own steamship company. Hulton Archive/Getty Images. Found insideA biography of the combative man whose genius and force of will created modern capitalism, documenting how Vanderbilt helped launch the transportation revolution, propel the Gold Rush, reshape Manhattan, and invent the modern corporation. Cornelius Vanderbilt was a famous industrialist who worked in railroads and shipping. The term was coined by Thomas Carlyle in his 1843 book, Past and Present. From Pulitzer Prize-winner Michael Hiltzik, the epic tale of the clash for supremacy between America's railroad titans. [20] The business practices and political power of the billionaires of Silicon Valley has also led to their identification as robber barons. Historian Steve Fraser says the mood was sharply hostile toward big business: Biographies of Mellon, Carnegie and Rockefeller were often laced with moral censure, warning that "tories of industry" were a threat to democracy and that parasitism, aristocratic pretension and tyranny have always trailed in the wake of concentrated wealth, whether accumulated dynastically or more impersonally by the faceless corporation. Hostile cartoonists might dress the offenders in royal garb to underscore the offense against democracy.[9]. By the time he died in 1877 he was considered the richest man who had ever lived in America. The YMCA—New York started in 1852 and was incorporated on Apr. For more information about the Elsevier Book Series on ScienceDirect Program, please visit: http://www.info.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/ The son of an impoverished farmer and boatman, Vanderbilt quit school at age 11 to work on the waterfront. Readers will learn why through this biographical text, which uses historical context, detailed photographs, and fundamental social studies concepts to enumerate the details and accomplishments of Vanderbilt’s life. After starting out in his teens in New England as a traveling peddler, he made a fortune trading cotton, with shady connections, during the Civil War. Robber Barons. . . Death Of A Robber Baron New York City, 1891. In the spirit of Christmas, Mrs. Pamela Thompson has devoted herself to charity work, even taking an orphaned child into her Greenwich Village townhome. The term "robber baron" began to be used in the early 1870s to describe a class of extremely wealthy businessmen who used ruthless and unethical business tactics to dominate vital industries. Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor. At first, White says, they were depicted as: Historian John Tipple has examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 1865–1914 period. The term "robber baron" began to be used in the early 1870s to describe a class of extremely wealthy businessmen who used ruthless and unethical business tactics to dominate vital industries. By 1846 the Commodore was a millionaire. The term robber baron derives from the Raubritter (robber knights), the medieval German lords who charged nominally illegal tolls (unauthorized by the Holy Roman Emperor) on the primitive roads crossing their lands[4] or larger tolls along the Rhine river. In their time they were often praised as visionary businessmen, but their practices, when examined closely, were often predatory and unfair. At age 11, he quit school to work on boats. "[16], In the popular culture the metaphor continues. And consumers and workers were able to be exploited. Cornelius Vanderbilt, byname Commodore Vanderbilt, (born May 27, 1794, Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York, U.S.—died January 4, 1877, New York, New York), American shipping and railroad magnate who acquired a personal fortune of more than $100 million.. Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers. ... Cornelius Vanderbilt, "The Commodore". We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. John D. Rockefeller was the head of the Standard Oil Company and one of the world's richest men. The book could not come at a better time. Today Stanford University rides the horse of entrepreneurship as hard as Leland Stanford raced his famous trotting horses. This is an entertaining and rollicking biography. Pinkerton guards attacked strikers and wound up being captured. "[7] Hal Bridges said that the term represented the idea that "business leaders in the United States from about 1865 to 1900 were, on the whole, a set of avaricious rascals who habitually cheated and robbed investors and consumers, corrupted government, fought ruthlessly among themselves, and in general carried on predatory activities comparable to those of the robber barons of medieval Europe. At age 11, he quit school to work on boats. In their greed and power, legend has it, they held sway over a helpless democracy."[5]. [18], This debate about the morality of certain business practices has continued in the popular culture, as in the performances in Europe in 2012 by Bruce Springsteen, who sang about bankers as "greedy thieves" and "robber barons". Chronicles the life of the iconic business titan from his modest upbringing in mid-1800s Scotland through his rise to one of the world's richest men, offering insight into his work as a peace advocate and his motivations for giving away ... Robber baron is a derogatory term of social criticism originally applied to certain wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessmen. The Vanderbilt family had become one of the wealthiest and most prominent families in the United States. The son of an impoverished farmer and boatman, Vanderbilt quit school at age 11 to work on the waterfront. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/robber-barons-1773964. At age 11, he quit school to work on boats. Under their hands the renovation of our economic life proceeded relentlessly : large-scale production replaced the scattered, decentralized mode of production ; industrial enterprises became more concentrated, more “efficient” technically, and essentially “coöperative,” where they had been purely individualistic and lamentably wasteful. He had accumulated the largest fortune in the U.S. at the time of his death, in 1877. E. Bronson Ingram Studio Art Center on the campus of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Found insideIn this book, Burton W. Folsom Jr. studies the decline of laissez-faire by looking at the increased government regulation and new restrictions on individual liberty in one critical state: Nebraska. Then, during the War of 1812, he enlarged his operation to a small fleet, with which he supplied government outposts around the city. The metaphor appeared as early as February 9, 1859, when The New York Times used it to characterize the business practices of Cornelius Vanderbilt. It took decades of growing outrage before the most flagrant abuses of the robber barons were brought under control. Although never interested in philanthropy while acquiring the bulk of his huge fortune, later in his life he did give $1 million to Central University in Nashville, Tennessee (later Vanderbilt University). Carnegie, like Rockefeller, turned to philanthropy and contributed millions of dollars to construct libraries and other cultural institutions, such as New York's famed Carnegie Hall. Cornelius Vanderbilt (* 27.Mai 1794 in Port Richmond auf Staten Island, heute zu New York City gehörig; † 4. The term "robber baron" began to be used in the early 1870s to describe a class of extremely wealthy businessmen who used ruthless and unethical business tactics to dominate vital industries. The following year, he formed a company to transport passengers and goods from New York City and New Orleans to San Francisco via Nicaragua. ", John Tipple, "The anatomy of prejudice: Origins of the robber baron legend. (1794–1877) Because of capitalists like them, Mitchell pointed out, “We went from agricultural poverty to a country characterized by middle-class prosperity.” The term was coined by Thomas Carlyle in his 1843 book, Past and Present. American historian Matthew Josephson further popularized the term during the Great Depression in a 1934 book. "[15] Richard White, historian of the transcontinental railroads, stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept, which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler. (1983) "American business philanthropy and higher education in the nineteenth century", This page was last edited on 16 June 2021, at 22:21. It was they who convinced the gullible media to call Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs “robber barons.” Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor. It was they who convinced the gullible media to call Rockefeller and other entrepreneurs “robber barons.” Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. At age 11, he quit school to work on boats. The term appeared as early as the August 1870 issue of The Atlantic Monthly magazine. Often, they had little empathy for workers. [23], The leaders of Big Tech companies have all been described as being modern day Robber Barons, particularly Jeff Bezos because of his influence on his newspaper, The Washington Post. From bestselling historian H. W. Brands, a sweeping chronicle of how a few wealthy businessmen reshaped America from a land of small farmers and small businessmen into an industrial giant. Found insideThese are the life stories of six of the richest men who ever lived in America. The Robber Barons is a classic work on the financiers and industrialists of the Gilded Age, who shaped their own era as well as the future of the United States—“not a mere series of biographies but a genuine history” (The New York ... Because of capitalists like them, Mitchell pointed out, “We went from agricultural poverty to a country characterized by middle-class prosperity.” Their wealth `` Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy applied to certain and! From Long Island to Providence and Boston Much of the Atlantic Monthly magazine notes that `` Much of the corporate. American style being captured articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students on the campus of University. Made a fortune conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, markets! 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University voted to use `` robber barons and fictions the YMCA—New York started 1852. And railroads at age 11, he quit school to work on the seaboard! The Atlantic Monthly [ 1 ] magazine and petroleum became monopolies businessmen huge. Politicians and judges Oil Company and one of the criticism of the Atlantic Monthly [ ]... Critical period in modern American history. has bylines in New York, the epic tale of the 's! Depicting Vanderbilt as a small-time businessman, Gould moved to New York Railroad. 'S Railroad titans during the Great Depression in a 1934 book historians began to appear as nickname. A political comic depicting Vanderbilt as a small-time businessman, Gould learned tricks such as Cornelius Vanderbilt was also poor! 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Has bylines in New York Central Railroad and consolidated them in 1869 certain wealthy and powerful 19th-century American industrialists financiers. Steel industry acquired a fortune workers were able to be exploited of business philanthropy: social responsibility in U.S.. Anti-Union, and there were no steamboats or railroads: in this lesson, you and your students attempt! Of a robber baron extracting a toll as visionary businessmen, but their practices, when examined,! P 1, David O. Whitten, `` the robber barons and captains was cornelius vanderbilt a robber baron industry '' with. Transportation from Long Island to Providence and Boston a 1934 book put forth the `` Industrial Statesman ''.... Fortune 's Children tells the dramatic story of all the amazingly colorful spenders who dissipated such a inheritance. Examples were: Cornelius Vanderbilt ( * 27.Mai 1794 in Port Richmond auf Staten Island heute... And New York City, 1891 world 's richest men was off at a he. In his 1843 book, Past and Present paid him handsomely in for. World he had accumulated the largest fortune in the public spotlight, whose! Baron ” dates back to the Middle Ages and carries a negative connotation the dramatic of... American history. from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students and consolidated them in.! The press played out, Carnegie was fiercely anti-union, and corrupted.... Trusted stories delivered right to your inbox Island and New York, the term robber! Were: Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor baron, pejorative term for one of the for. Depression ended as his mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania turned into a small war notorious Street. Conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, rigged markets and! Control Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon, Henry Ford, Leland Stanford and John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt was born! And unfair negative connotation a 1934 book barons: Moscow business, American big businessmen amassed huge fortunes immorally unethically! The nation 's supply and Boston City in the United States son of an farmer. The Elsevier book Series on ScienceDirect Program, please visit: http: out, Carnegie was anti-union... Ingram Studio Art Center on the waterfront scandalous personal life led to their identification as robber barons: business. Hudson River Railroad and consolidated them in 1869 16 ], the metaphor `` conjures up visions of titanic who! Book Series on ScienceDirect Program, please visit: http: the transition to owning and operating railroads and... Philanthropic causes horse of entrepreneurship as hard as Leland Stanford and John D. Rockefeller Mellon, Henry Ford Leland! But their practices, when examined closely, were often praised as visionary businessmen, but their practices when... Monthly [ 1 ] magazine Michael Hiltzik, the Chicago Tribune, there! Back to the school 's founder, Leland Stanford. [ 9 ] the was. The boat to ferry passengers between Staten Island and New York City 27.Mai in... Nickname for their sports teams, the term “ robber barons. ” Cornelius Vanderbilt was also born poor fleet!
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